Four Main Debates in the Field of Global Strategy by Peng and Essay

Four Main Debates in the Field of Global Strategy by Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that global strategy has been popularly understood to refer to the strategic guidance of any organization as the organization seeks to pursue different geographic markets. However, the fact that the definition is not clear as regards to what extent a global strategy should address has generated a heated debate. The paper, Current Debates in Global Strategy provides a unique review of the four current debates as regards global strategy. The four debates are cultural vs. institutional distance, global vs. regional geographic diversification, convergence vs. divergence in corporate governance and lastly domestic vs. overseas corporate social responsibility which are all widely believed to be connected to the institution-based view of global strategy. Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles track down the history of each debate while also highlighting the emerging tension of each debate. On the other hand, globalization has transformed and currently is mainl y characterized by its growing interdependency between countries and continues to be multi-faceted with various different business aspects. Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles give focus on the four debates informed by the belief that in order to properly analyze literature on global strategy, we have to first pick debates that are fairly distinct from one another. Additionally, a historical aspect was taken into consideration through identification of debates with varying timelines. In understanding the four debates, it is important that we understand the authors perceive global strategy as the strategy employed by firms, both international and domestic around the globe in a bid to compete successfully which in other words imply that their view is based on their belief that global strategy is to a large extent closely lies between strategic management and international business.

Benefits of Nuclear Weapons Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Nuclear Weapons Essay World tensions have created power struggles throughout different countries in the 1900s to today. These power struggles have fueled the start of several wars between nations. The two biggest nations during these power struggles were the USSR and United States of America. Throughout the cold war, nuclear buildup created a deterrence that has spilled over into other countries harnessing the power of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons have assisted in an uneasy peace with many countries despite the fact that nuclear weapons could end civilization or the lives of millions at any particular moment. A brief look into Cold War beliefs, whether or not nuclear weapons deter conflict, how nuclear weapons provide a military and political function, and why some states believe in nuclear armaments will demonstrate how effective the use of the most dangerous weapons in history can assist in the activities of peaceful cohabitation and coexistence. Nuclear Weapons: The Cold War Example The actions throughout the Cold War demonstrate the ideas of offensive weapons used for defensive purposes. The activities and positions of the United States and the Soviets during the mid-1980s demonstrate how nuclear buildup was the answer to ensuring an uneasy peace between the two countries. During this time, the United States: Sought only to restore a stable military balance, assure deterrence and reduce the risk of war. It found unacceptable a perpetuation of the present situation, in which it was compelled to maintain a large strategic arsenal, and [favored] a more stable strategic balance at much lower levels of armaments. (Nuclear Arms: Positions of, 1984, p. 12) The USA position on the problem was that more weapons were needed in order to maintain a sense of status quo with the Soviets who were commencing a nuclear buildup of their own throughout the 1980s decade. (Nuclear Arms: Positions of, 1984, p. 12) The idea behind these buildups is actually a continuation of a previous form of military and political ideology. The United States and the Soviet Union both believed that as long as they concentrated on building nuclear weapons, they would not actually concentrate on destroying each other. (Nuclear Arms: Positions of, 1984, p. 12) Evidence has been presented that the Soviets would have used nuclear weapons had war broken out in Europe, which tends to show that nuclear weapons during the Cold War era had a stabilizing effect on world peace. (Schneider, 2004, p. 55) This peace lasted throughout the Cold War, and illustrates how effective nuclear weapons are in establishing and prolonging a peace between two countries. Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence The question as to whether or not nuclear weapons provide a deterrence function can be investigated in many instances. First, the more recent actions of President George W. Bush in the early 2000’s demonstrates how deterrence is effective, but must be followed to strict specifications in order to fully work. For example, President Bush in 2001 adopted a policy of unilateralism when dealing with the American nuclear arsenal that would attempt to ignore all of the nuclear weapons treaties. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) These treaties were formed in the attempt at nuclear war deterrence, and have been effective at creating a mutual destruction peace. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) However, President Bush attempted to destroy the peace and create an environment where nuclear weapons could be used again in the future by attempting to shift the balances throughout the world and threaten other nations. (Hartung, 2001, p. 4) These activities of President Bush indicate that nuclear weapons do promote diplomacy and deterrence, but only if provisions and agreements about their use and creation are followed. Deterrence can never be established through unilateralism. Thomas C. Schelling, an expert on deterrence, has suggested in the face of growing unease as more countries acquire or threaten to acquire nuclear arms, he continues to believe that deterrence can be maintained and extended to cover the new players. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) However, Schelling â€Å"rightly points out that that will not happen without policies, especially U. S. policies that demonstrate the case for continued abhorrence of their use. † (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) Mr. Schelling also believes that education of the harms of nuclear weapons cannot be viable to countries that do not possess the technology. (Garwin, Skolnikoff, Panofsky Jeanloz, 2007, p. 5) Schelling’s suggestion is that a country without nuclear weapons will be too frightened by the threat of nuclear use that they will not fully respect deterrence theories unless they too have a nuclear arsenal of some type.

Super Service Essay -- essays research papers

I am reviewing the book Super Service, by Jeff and Valerie Gee. I was initially attracted to this book due to the subtitle, â€Å"Seven keys to delivering great customer service†¦ Even when you don’t feel like it! †¦ Even when they don’t deserve it!† The book promises to bring a new upbeat approach to serving customers on the front line and to make this job more meaningful to those who do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon first glance, the book looks overly simplified. I discovered, however, that it is well written, and makes its points clearly without unnecessarily delving into complicated theories. This book encourages readers to see customer service from a different perspective: you are not performing solely for the customer or the company, but for your own sense of satisfaction. In this way, it functions as a motivational tool for those of us in the business of working directly with customers. The authors offer seven critical ideas for providing outstanding customer service. Each one builds upon the premise of the previous one, making these lessons sensible and natural to put into practice. The book illustrates each key with case scenarios, checklists, cartoons, and exercises. The result is the creation of an interactive learning experience. Super Service is written in an easy-to-read, conversational style. The authors neither talk down to the reader nor take on the boring tone of an employee manual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most striking difference I discovered is the straightforward techniques the authors reveal to help you put their concepts into practice. For example, anyone can tell you that the secret to serving customers well is to: â€Å"Have the right attitude,† â€Å"Listen with an open mind,† or â€Å"Seek a win-win situation.† This book teaches you easy ways to do those very things. How are you supposed to have a good attitude about serving customers? You won’t change your attitude simply because someone tells you that you should. Super Service gives you reasons why you should be happy to serve your customers. Similar to information you might get from other sources, the authors of this book stress what it costs you every time you lose a customer and how difficult it is to get those customers back. However, these authors take the next step by motivating you to enjoy serving your customers. They teach you that serving is about being â€Å"â⠂¬ ¦ a giver instead ... ...If you consider the costs of losing a customer, maintaining customer loyalty is, in itself, a money-making practice. For example Club Med found that one lost customer costs the company at least $2,400. Additionally, a study done for the US Office of Consumer Affairs discovered that in households that had service problems with potential costs of over $100, 54% of customers would maintain brand loyalty if the problem was resolved. Only 19% of these customers reported that they would continue doing business with the company if the problem was not resolved to their satisfaction.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a whole, I think Super Service’s take on customer service is an extremely useful tool for employees who participate in direct interaction with customers. Overall, I found their ideas easy to implement, and motivational. I also thought the authors would benefit by discussing customer service topics such as: exceeding customers’ expectations, â€Å"moments of truth,† empowering the front line, and service recovery. By combining these principles with their motivational system for great customer service, I believe they could cover virtually every aspect of interacting with customers.

Ethic Leaders

Include a live link to your source so that we may visit the site. http://pressroom. target. com/leadership/gregg-w-steinhafel Identify the leader and the company or organization. Mr. Gregg W. Steinhafel serves as the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Target Brands, Inc. Mr. Steinhafel has been the Chairman of Target Corp. since February 1, 2009 and its Chief Executive Officer since May 01, 2008 and President since August 1999. Mr. Steinhafel has gained meaningful leadership experience and retail knowledge.Target Corporation, originally the Dayton Dry Goods Company and later the Dayton Hudson Corporation, is an American retailing company, founded in 1902 and headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the second-largest discount retailer in the United States, behind Wal-Mart. The company is ranked at number 38 on the Fortune 500 as of 2012 and is a component of the Standard & Poor's 500 index. Its bull’s-eye trademark is licensed to Wesfarmers, owners of the separate Target Australia chain which is unrelated to Target Corporation. Provide a brief overview of the company's core business.Target set high standards for—where you shop. They aim to be a place where guests and team members will always find more than they expect. Their mission and values set the stage, and day-to-day innovation, teamwork and community partnerships reflect who they are. Their mission is to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences by consistently fulfilling their Expect More. Pay Less.  ® brand promise. Describe the position of this person and his or her overall duties and responsibilities.As Chief Executive Officer, he is responsible for determining the strategy and clearly articulating priorities as well as aligning and motivating to execute strategy and clearly articulating priorities as well as aligning and motivating to execute effectivel y and ensure continued success. As president, Steinhafel had companywide responsibility for merchandising, stores, global sourcing, product design and development, presentation, supply chain and Target. com. Identify how and why this person demonstrates a strong sense of business ethics and organizational values. What has this person accomplished? Steinhafel has een instrumental in developing and promoting Target’s unique corporate culture, in which 365,000 talented and diverse team members collaborate and innovate to make Target a fun and convenient shopping experience, providing access to highly differentiated products at affordable prices and sustaining the company’s legacy of giving and service. Since 1946, the corporation has given 5 percent of its income to non-profit organizations that support the communities where Target does business. Today, that giving equals more than $4 million a week. He also believes that donating time, talent and resources is equally imp ortant as the income they give.Target gives hundreds of thousands of hours volunteering in their communities every year. Target helps build safe, strong and healthy communities to all their guest and works closely with partners and organizations. They support educational programs, provide basic needs to families in crisis, and practice sustainability throughout their business—and that’s just the beginning. Throughout the year, Target provide education grants to local K-12 schools to support educational field trips, early childhood reading programs and participation in the arts.Target donated millions of books to kids and their school libraries through Target Books for Schools Awards and their Target School Library Makeover program. Steinhafel is a member of the Business Roundtable, Business Council and the Minnesota Business Partnership. In 2010, he was appointed to the Council for the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. In 2012, Steinh afel began a two-year term as chairman of the board for the Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA). That is why I have chosen Greg Steinhafel for this discussion assignment. Explain why you selected this person.I have chosen Gregg Steinhafel because he exemplifies great leadership skills and good corporate culture. He is one of those leaders who never use the word â€Å"I† when referring to his company. Steinhafel takes his place out in front of several hundred thousand Target team members, insisting that â€Å"we†Ã¢â‚¬â€œmeaning the discount retailer’s top brass–â€Å"are the coaching staff that help design the playbook, but implement it at the same time. † He believes in team work and helps support his employees. I have always admired leaders who doesn’t take all the credit and realize it’s the company as a whole that makes it grow.What can you learn from this person? What would help you to create a better ethical environment in your place of work or in your future career? Gregg Steinhafel can be a great mentor because I can learn to be a reliable leader/person that helps supports the community, value employees and know not to take recognition by myself but to share it with the company. I know I can help build an ethical environment by being a good example towards others. I can make sure I establish strong ethic values by building trust and complying by the standards.

Internet Does More Harm Than Good

Do you really want to hear the news of having your child being mass murdered? Committing suicide? Or even viewing inappropriate content? The internet can be a dangerous place for you, your computer and your children. It is extremely important to be aware of the fact that not everyone on the internet is as honest about themselves that you are about yourself. Undoubtedly the Internet brings more harm than good. Predators, they are everywhere waiting for you and your child. Sexual predators do exist and are a real threat.They target both girls and boys of all ages and use the anonymity of the internet to their advantage since they can meet whoever they want. Many are master manipulators with skills that can cripple any child's sense of awareness. These predators mainly aim for emotionally vulnerable children, trying to gradually seduce their targets through attention, kindness, and also affection. They use these seductive techniques against their victims to build a relationship. This pl ays right into the adolescent mind as they look for people that can relate to their feelings.With the presence of searchable Facebook and Twitter profiles predators can easily find information about potential victims since many naive children list personal information with no regard to safety. Even simple statements listed on a profile such as school attended, state lived in, or even work place can allow predators to gain necessary information to target these children. Once the predators achieve their victim’s trust the predator often manipulates their victim into doing things they shouldn’t be doing to compromise their safety. One in five U. S. teenagers who regularly log on to the Internet says they have received an unwanted sexual solicitation via the Internet†1. Of the five U. S teenagers the victims are often pressured by their predator to send pornographic images of themselves to their predator. The victim often mistakes their trust as feelings of love whic h could ultimately result in the victim’s death. Even though children are willing to engage in conversion that appears innocent and harmless, parents must keep on guard to protect their families.Consequences could be authorities finding the dead body of their child in a lake, their child getting raped and left to die, or even only finding the remains of the body. The internet imposes lots of threats, one of them being viruses. According to Norton Symantec, they cannot cover every single virus that is out there, because some are just too strong. There are some viruses that can’t be put off, and some viruses that even put you in danger of seeing inappropriate material. Even though you may not have been doing anything incorrectly, harm may still come your way.Not only are there viruses, but there are also inappropriate websites that reach innocent eyes. Children suddenly get pictures or a file in their computer, and out of curiosity, fall under the trap they are put in. C hildren then click on these files and out of nowhere they are no longer in control of their computer. Not only are children at risk, adults are schemed of their money through the internet, â€Å"55. 7% of people say that email or internet is the most common known method through which victims are exposed to a scam.Around one in seven victims stated they were unaware of the scam. †2 Using the Internet is a great skill at any age; however the slower speed among some older people makes them easier targets for Internet scammers since seniors are thought to have a significant amount of money sitting in their accounts. Their unfamiliarity with browsing the web makes them especially vulnerable to such traps as pop-up browsers and fake items on sale. This is not something we certainly do not want to continue, but merely something we want to stop.If this doesn't prove internet is dangerous, nothing does. Cyber bullying is not just some insignificant problem experienced by a few. Cyber bullying is widespread, your children are aware of it, they understand how it happens and yet they are not aware of or concerned with the consequences of such actions. It is widely known that bullying can cause long-term psychological problems that are harmful to victims, including low self-esteem, depression, anger, school failure, violence and in worse case scenarios suicide.In a study of over 3000 students, it was found that â€Å"38% of bully victims felt vengeful, 37% were angry, and 24% felt helpless†3. Cyber bullying is even more harmful to young people than face-to-face bullying. The insults, comments or images can be repeated by the bully or by others so that the victim may read or view them over and over again as the harm is re-inflicted with each reading or viewing. The size of the audience that is able to view or access the damaging material on the Internet increases the victim’s humiliation.In addition, social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter allows cyber bullies to engage in campaigns against a particular person which may involve many others. Due to the humiliation felt by the victim they are at a vulnerable position in which they are afraid to seek help but rather think to take the easier option to end their life. Regardless of any situation, cyber bullies are ought to be dealt with, parents should be more concerned about their child’s safety, and more help should be offered to the victims.If we ignore everything, the crimes of cyber bullying will go unpunished. Are we ready to lose another young life? The internet definitely does more harm than good. An individual could feel so helpless to the point of taking their own life. A computer could be taken over by a deadly virus and never return to its original form. But perhaps the scariest Internet safety concern is what could happen to an unprotected child doing battle with an Internet predator alone in cyberspace. Word count- 981

IT (information technology) is a term that encompasses Essays

IT (information technology) is a term that encompasses Essays IT (information technology) is a term that encompasses Essay IT (information technology) is a term that encompasses Essay IT ( information engineering ) is a term that encompasses all signifiers of engineering used to make, shop, exchange, and utilize information in its assorted signifiers ( concern informations, voice conversations, still images, gesture images, multimedia presentations, and other signifiers, including those non yet conceived ) . It is an incorporate frame work for geting and germinating IT to accomplish long term every bit good as short term ends. It has both logical and proficient constituents. Logical constituents include mission, functional and information demands, system constellations, and information flows. Technical constituents include IT criterions and regulations that will be used to implement the logical architecture. Information Technology section in any endeavor works in following manner: END USER TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Much of an organization’s computing machine processing is performed by end-users utilizing their desktop Personal computer. When these end-users incur a computing machine job ( unable to logon, pressman does non work, etc. ) , they call the IT section for proficient support. Depending on the nature of the job, the IT section may help the user over the phone or direct a technician to their location. DESKTOP MANAGEMENT: Pull offing single desktop computing machines, laptops and peripherals is a basis of the IT section undertakings. Desktop direction of single computing machines includes: installing of new hardware constituents or package, package license disposal, equipment fix and care. NETWORK MANAGEMENT: Making certain that the computing machine web is ever available with safe and unafraid information is the most of import undertaking for the IT section. Not merely does this affect the physical installing of telegraphing throughout the installation, but besides the installing and monitoring of the firewall, waiters and other equipment to maintain the web running at extremum efficiency Voice AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS: The IT section maintains the telephone and computing machine systems that allow employees to link with other employees, clients and providers through the usage of voice mail, electronic mail, facsimiles, message boards, and Internet and intranet web sites. This includes organizing new demands with third-party service suppliers. Business Applications: Developing and keeping the concern systems that operate the organisation are indispensable undertakings of the IT section. This includes package for fiscal, fabrication, gross revenues and distribution systems, every bit good as general office disposal, such as word processing and spreadsheet applications. LITERATURE REVIEW: Business and information systems executives continue to fight in finding final payments from investings in information engineering, which is of import to analysis for any concern utilizing IT. A figure of surveies show that executives’ perceptual experiences are cardinal to understanding how IT impacts steadfast public presentation. For illustration, research workers found that a CEO’s perceptual experiences and attitudes towards IT and the sense of importance they attribute to IT are strongly associated with an organization’s progressive usage of IT. In bend, managerial cognition of, and attitudes towards, IT and the IT clime within an organisation are utile indexs of how IT is used to back up the concern scheme. Adding to this, Grover, Teng, Segars A ; Fiedler used perceptual information from IS executives to bring out a nexus between IT diffusion, procedure alteration and productiveness additions for each of eleven different engineerings. Finally, Broadbent A ; Weill posit a relationship between managerial perceptual experiences of the function of IT substructure, the sensed value of that substructure, and IT investing prejudices. Looking across t hese surveies, it is apparent that concern executives are progressively cognizant of the function of IT and are more willing to take portion in IT investing determinations as a manner to guarantee that IT delivers on its promises. Dimensions of IT Business Value: A Review of the Research Literature Procedure Planning and Support IT improves planning and determination devising by bettering organisational communicating and coordination and by heightening organisational flexibleness [ I ] Supplier Relations ( Inbound Logistics ) Use IT to organize provider linkages and cut down hunt costs [ II ] Information technology can better communicating, quality control and bringing techniques taking to Competitive advantage [ III ] Production A ; Operationss Use IT to present enhanced fabrication techniques through computer-aided design [ IV ] Improvements in the production procedure can take to economic systems of graduated table in the bringing of merchandises and services [ V ] Integrating IT into the terminal merchandise and the usage of advanced fabrication procedures can enable a greater scope of merchandises and services [ VI ] Product A ; Service Enhancement IT can be used in the development of new merchandises and services [ VII ] IT can enable merchandises and services to be unambiguously differentiated in a assortment of ways [ VIII ] Gross saless A ; Marketing Support The development of new merchandises and services can enable an organisation to place and function new market sections [ IX ] IT can be used to track market tendencies and responses to marketing plans [ X ] Customer Relations ( Outbound Logistics ) IT can be used to set up, sustain and better relationships with clients [ XI ] Bettering client dealingss can ensue in improved market portion [ XII ] One paper was written byPaul P. Tallon, Kenneth L. Kraemer, Vijay Gurbaxani( Executives’ Perceptions of the Business Value of Information Technology ) . In this paper they introduced procedure degree theoretical account of IT concern value – defined as the part of IT to tauten public presentation in production, logistics, gross revenues and selling, client services and administrative support called value concatenation, value stores or value webs. They focused on concern executives conformity with the increasing function of these persons have in IT investing determinations. Business executives prosecute a more active function in make up ones minding how, when and where IT resources should be used. They used the undermentioned hypothesis for their research work: H1: Executives in houses with more focussed ends for IT will comprehend higher degrees of IT Business value. H2: Executives in houses with more focussed ends for IT will comprehend higher degrees of strategic alliance. H3: Higher degrees of strategic alignment contribute to higher degrees of IT concern value. H4: Firms with more focussed ends for IT will do greater usage of IT investing rating. H5: Firms that make greater usage of IT rating techniques will accomplish higher degrees of strategic alliance. H6: Use of post-implementation techniques outputs higher sensed degrees of IT concern value than pre-implementation techniques entirely. In order to prove the foregoing hypotheses, during mid to late 1998, they mailed studies to a random sample of concern executives in about 1,500 houses worldwide. They found consequences for H1 that executives in houses with more focussed end for IT consistently perceive higher degrees of IT concern value through value concatenation. This confirms corporate ends for IT are an of import determiner of sensed final payments from IT. Researchers argue that strategic alliance is an of import determiner of IT concern value In this research paper they found that Executives in houses with more focussed ends for IT perceive higher degrees of strategic alliance and higher degree of strategic alliance are associated with higher sensed degrees of IT concern values. Therefore, H2 and H3 are supported. Operations-focus houses make more frequent usage of pre-implementation techniques than market-focus houses, possibly bespeaking that it is more hard to measure IT investings in strategic placement than in operational effectivity. Jointly, these findings provide support for H4, corroborating that houses with more focussed ends for IT make greater usage of IT rating techniques In utmost instances such as unfocussed houses without clear ends for IT, there is still a possibility that greater usage of IT rating techniques could ensue in improved degrees of strategic alliance, which in bend could take to higher final payments from IT. Therefore, H5 is supported. They found that the partial correlativities for both post-implementation techniques are extremely important, whereas the correlativities for the pre executions techniques are identical from nothing. Therefore, H6 is supported. Decision: Many researches besides support the usage of executives’ perceptual experiences in measuring IT investing final payment, though merely in the sense that perceptual experiences are a placeholder for nonsubjective steps of realized IT concern value. Contrary to media studies that executives are dissatisfied with IT, many surveies found that executives are, with some exclusions, satisfied that their current degree of IT disbursement will assist them to accomplish their concern ends. Furthermore, the ends that these executives espouse for IT investings act upon their pick of direction patterns, which in bend influences the degree of perceived IT final payments. When there is clear ends for IT investing, there is grounds to propose that IT is positively impacting steadfast public presentation at multiple points along the value concatenation. Management patterns besides play cardinal function in making IT concern value, assisting to turn strategic purpose for IT into place final payments for the concern. When houses make greater usage of station execution reappraisals, executives will comprehend higher degrees of IT concern value. This shows clear benefits from specific IT investing against underlying specific aims with possibility of presenting disciplinary action if necessary. As endeavors struggle to recognize good final payments from IT investings in short term this could be achieved through greater strategic alliance, reenforcing the demand to stipulate clear and unequivocal ends for IT and for long term endeavors could see traveling towards more strategic or focussed ends of IT, which leads to high returns.

The Role of Technology in Facility Management A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants

The Role of Technology in Facility Management A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants Introduction Facility management comprises a broad continuum of services which require to build a suitable environment that can enhance performance of functions and activities for which the facility is intended for. The management activities of a facility entail the day to day activities which are critical in its operation and maintenance. For that matter, for the facility to operate to its peak efficiency and effectiveness, there must be measures put in place to promote its smooth operation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Technology in Facility Management: A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, technology becomes an important tool that should be used to ensure facility’s smooth operation and proper maintenance. In relation to this, the MacDonald Restaurants are a group of hotels that have branches widespread in all the continents all over the world. Their core services offer catering and hotel services. Nonetheless, this group of hotels has been called the best catering service provider in the world on several occasions. For that reason, facility management in this organization is regarded as one of the driving forces behind the accolade performance in this line of business. However, their effective facility management has been attributed to effective use of technology. Therefore, this paper presents a research that was conducted in the field of facility management which was intended to determine the role of technology. the MacDonald Restaurants group was used as a case study. Moreover, challenges that exhibit themselves in facility management were also explored. In addition, the field of the facility management presented some opportunities and, therefore, they were also considered in the study. Nonetheless, emerging trends in this field were covered. Importantly, it is worth noting that this research was conducted t o determine the relevance of technology in facility management particularly to the hospitality industry. For that matter, the results of the study were, therefore, generalized in the entire hospitality industry. Result of the research In relation to the research conducted, several issues relating to the role of technology in facility management were established. To begin with, it was evident that maintenance procedure in facility management can be computerized. This can be done in form of an automated maintenance system for the facility management. The automated information system can be used to manage the day to day activities by tracking and monitoring the status of the maintenance and related costs of those activities. On the other hand, the automated systems not only provide tools for managing activities metrics that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the operations and maintenance activities. For that matter, it was established that for an organization that is able to us e automated systems in its operation and maintenance activities, key performance indicators are usually provided to be used as performance guidelines.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This leads to increased productivity due to effectiveness and efficiency that are key determinants for business growth. This was evident in the MacDonald Restaurants as the automated management systems were largely used for maintenance of their facilities. This was noted as one of the major contributions to its business growth. Moreover, it was established by the study carried out that introduction of technology to management of the facility resulted in delivering of services in a shorter period compared to the catering with the traditional systems. In addition, some services that are currently being provided by technology based systems did not used the manual systems. Just li ke Atkin and Adrian (108) affirmed the automation facilitated faster service provision than the traditional manual systems. Challenges facing the role of technology in facility management Technologies have been regarded as a panacea to effective management of business activities. This is still the case in facility management since a lot of stakeholders regard technology as the best solution to management problems of these facilities. In relation to this, the study carried out established that application of technology in facility management had challenges that threatened their effective management. To begin with, it was evident from the research conducted that application of technology in this organization raised the issue of obsolescence. Users of the technological systems that are applied in management of facilities in MacDonald Restaurants were more concerned with technology becoming obsolete too fast. This was attributed to its high rate of advancement. Therefore, the advancemen t dictates that the systems should be changed from time to time. After a very short period, replacement of systems in the organization raises the operational expenses of the organization which at some point contribute to poor financial performance. Moreover, it was acknowledged by Piercy (56) that any technological system is likely to fail in the process of its operation. This is a challenge that technology experiences in the management of facilities. In the design of any system, its engineering is usually assumed to be in a remarkable state. Therefore, prediction of its failure is normally elusive at this point. However, the more complex the technology may appear, the more likely it is to fail. According to Tichy (89), any technology can fail because of different reasons which include mismatch of the modules, poor design and development among other reasons. As a result, it was established by the study that technology failure results in more adverse and costly consequences. For inst ance, critical failure of these systems leads to disruption of processes, especially if they are real time systems where irreversible effects are usually used.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Technology in Facility Management: A Case Study of the MacDonald Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, these unpredicted risks can result in the total failure of the entire system, hence paralyzing activities of the organization. In relation to this, the study established that most organizations usually try to put in place measures that are designed to minimize or prevent the failures. In most cases, this usually increases their total operating costs. In addition, it was acknowledged by Atkin and Adrian (23) that any technology always presents some side effects. Furthermore, it was established by the study conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants that despite having the technology with the desired benefits to the organization, it also presents some unwarranted effects which affect the organization negatively. For instance, it was stated by Tichy (103) that working conditions of a system might be safer when the substances are molded rather than when they are squashed. Moreover, in some cases, substances that are used in the production may affect the workers as well as harm the entire public in general. For instance, workers who constantly use computers in their work processes in facility management usually suffer eye related problems which in turn lead to isolation by others. In regard to this, it was acknowledged by Nutt and Peter (42) that these effects affect not only big technologies but also their small counterparts. For instance, it was found out due to the research conducted that ordinary technologies normally applied on a small scale in the hotel industry have collective side effects in their usage. For instance, though refrigerators which are used on an every day basis have constructively contributed to preservation of food, they have a gas outflow in their cooling system which has a negative impact on the surroundings. Still, it was postulated by David et al (34) that these negative effects are usually not expected because of lack of resources to foresee them. Moreover, most of them are not predictable because of their complexity. As a result, Tichy (54) postulated that some side effects have turned out to be economically unacceptable, unethical and in some cases resulting to conflicts in the organizations in which they are being used. Opportunities of technology in facility management Technology presents a broad range of opportunities in facility management. According to David et al (24), this fact is ascribed to the fact that organizations usually have the aim of keeping low operational costs. Therefore, integration of technology in the management activities becomes one of the aims that can be achieved. As a result, organizations, su ch as the MacDonald Restaurants, have opted to adoption of technology in their operations in order to keep their operational cost at a reasonably low levelThus, according to the research conducted, it was established that the need for innovation in organizations presents bountiful opportunities for the incorporation of technology in facility management.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In respect to this, it was evident from the study conducted that there is a need for quantity and quality changes in support services. This is usually required in the facility management as it provides an opportunity for technology to be incorporated in their management. For instance, opportunity to use technology can come in through application of a central support desk in the organization. Bigger organizations may be comprised of numerous departments which may be dispersed from each other. In such environments, it was believed by Atkin and Adrian (145) that a centralized support desk should be put in place in order to handle queries. Therefore, this provides an opportunity to incorporate technology. The technological tools, such as information communication technologies, can provide such kind of services in a manual based environment effectively. Moreover, the need for sustainability has resulted in an increased need for innovation in organizations operations. This has in turn fur ther opportunities for technology incorporation. For that matter, using technology in facility management remains one of the ways through which organizations have stretched their resources for sustainability. For instance, from the study conducted, it was established that organizations are adopting enterprise resource planning systems which help attain higher level of sustainability. From the study, it was established that enterprise resource planning systems contribute immensely to achieving effective service delivery. As a result, the need for sustainability has brought forth technological innovation in the facility management operations in organizations. For instance, the need to save on space has given technology an opportunity to be applied in the facility management functions. This has, therefore, influence the space management functions that are used to attain sustainability. For instance, technology is applied in creation of space inventory that is desired to manage organiza tion’s space more economically and effectively. Moreover, technology is also put in use to manage equipment and furniture through tracking techniques which as a result, lead to facilities accountability. According to Georgoulis (89), accountability of equipment that is facilitated by automated systems has resulted in sustainability of these organizations. This was exhibited through the study carried out in the MacDonald Restaurants as the effective management of their facilities was attributed to application of automated systems. Moreover, due to the need for sustainability of business activities in terms of information management, there has been creation of opportunities for technology. For instance, space management issues have resulted in the need of using technology in management of organization’s databases. For example, from the study conducted, it was established that database management systems are largely applied in management of their information. This is take n as one of the best mechanisms of managing space in the organization. Additionally, application of database management systems also enhances sustainability of organizations through provision of effective and efficient services to stakeholders. This is made possible due to its capability of providing a bi-directional interface that is able to connect different departments of the organization remotely. Nevertheless, it was opined by Gerard (27) that challenges that present themselves to the organization are opportunities through which technology can be banked on its advancement. For instance, in the operation of these organizations, environmental factors, such as accelerated population growth and continued depletion of energy resources, present negative challenges to organizations. However, despite these factors having negative effects, they show an opportunity for technology application in trying to solve them. Therefore, this gives an opportunity to design sustainable technologies that can utilize the limited resources more effectively in order to make these organizations robust in their activities. This was evident from the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants which indicated that the company adopted new technologies in their facility management in order to save on resources that could deplete natural resources in the environment. Furthermore, facility management presents security issues that need to be addressed to assure long term sustainability. For that reason, they present a number of opportunities to technology since in the current times, security is provided by automated systems. This is so since security systems have advanced over time, hence they provide facility managers with the capability to expand the scope of their security measures. For instance, instead of using traditional guards, organizations are adopting new technologies by current developments, such as cameras and sensor systems, which are real time operational systems that ar e able to give signals to key operational situations. This was evident from the study conducted since it emerged that the group of restaurants had replaced all their physical security measures with automated systems that were able to secure their facility. This was done through application of tracking systems which were able to trace every facility within their premise. In relation to this, it is acknowledged by Barrett and David (235) that organizations began applying automated intelligence systems which are able to monitor any aspect of the facility being managed. This has, however, resulted in a value proposition for organizations since they became able to monitor all operations. For example, in retail business setting as that of the MacDonald Restaurants, the system is able to track movement in and out of the storage rooms and also check those of the products purchased and sold. As a result, the organization is able to gain some value in the facility management. Trends in the ro le of technology in facility management In facility management just like other disciplines, there are several expected trends. These trends are projected to shape the way the discipline will be managed in the future. For that matter, these trends of technology in facility management can be broadly categorized into three. These are externally motivated trends, internally motivated trends and organizationally motivated trends. To begin with, externally motivated trends are usually determined by the societal factors. For instance, according to Nutt and Peter (231), the need for sustainability by organizations in their business operations is a trend that will continue to be experienced. This is ascribed to the fact that competition in the environment is steadily growing hence the need to position an organization strategically to have some competitive edge. Therefore, for that to be possible, it is believed by Elaine (136) that sustainability in the present business operation is only mad e possible by adoption of technology which is robust in the business environment. Therefore, as the rate of competition in the operating environment increases, thus the adoption of technology will be necessary to maintain the sustainability required. As a result, the trend for sustainability in facility management will continuously increase. Moreover, the external motivated trends dictate that systems that result in complex building structures will continue to offer challenges and opportunities. These will increase integration of technology in the management of facilities in these organizations. This implies that the more the building technology continues to grow, the more technology will be required to be integrated into their management. However, it was acknowledged by Thomas and Christopher (94) that this trend will result in the need to train professionals in the field of facility management. This is so since development of complicated technology will surely arise the need of ad vanced skills and knowledge to manage these facilities. Contrary to the emergence of the complex structures in the future, it is also important to acknowledge that with the existing building structures, the future trends are also categorized by aging. This, therefore, brings forth the challenges of management since these structures and current systems are likely to exceed their desired operating lives hence bringing in the issue of replacing or repairing them. Consequently, this will mean spending an additional cost in the management of these facilities. In addition, the second trend in the role of technology in facility management relates to internally motivated trends. According to Tichy (78), these are trends that originate from within the discipline of facility management itself. For instance, Effy (34) alluded that the data was increasing in complexity and quantity which in some cases, overwhelmed effort of their management. However, despite the current increase in quantity and complexity, it still expected that this would continue to be the trend in facility management. This is likely to result to information overload that poses a risk to its effective management. For that matter, this trend is likely to present negative effects in management of these facilities. This was affirmed by the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants since automated systems that were used to manage their facilities were noted to collect and process a lot of information. This was feared that it could lead to information overload if necessary measures were not put in place. Lastly, the third trend relates to organizationally motivated trends which originate from the organization itself. For instance, in most organizations, there are trends of increasing and expanding expectations of management of these facilities to include both business and technical acumen. This requires to have a developed skill set for the individuals to manage these activities. Nonetheless, it is als o expected that the trends will change the working styles significantly in order to conform to the new technologies that will be in place. According to Piercy (23), due to the technological changes and advancement that are being experienced in facility management, working styles will also considerably change. Therefore, organizations should always be willing and ready to adapt to the new technology and working styles. This was affirmed by the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants which showed that automated systems keep on changing from time to time and as they do so, working styles are also forced to follow them. Conclusion To wind up, it is important to acknowledge that facility management presents a variety of opportunities to technology. This has made technology to be one of the key aspects of facility management discipline. However, it is also relatively important to note that application of technology in facility management is faced by several challenges. Nonetheless , it is important to establish a balance between the weaknesses and strengths of using technology in order to have an equilibrium that will guarantee the effectiveness and efficiency of facility management as required. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged by David et al (112) that challenges that face facility management in themselves present an opportunity through which technology can explore in order to provide better service delivery. For instance, it is believed that challenges relating to negative environmental effects that may be viewed as results of activities of facility management can be addressed smoothly through use of technology that is environmental friendly. On the other hand, it is important to acknowledge that there are several trends that are expected to exhibit themselves in the field of facility management. These trends are likely to create new opportunities in the integration of technology in the facility management. They are broadly classified into three categories of internally, externally and organizationally motivated issues. In all these trends, they provide opportunity for technology to be integrated in the management of facilities. Therefore, they should be capitalized on to improve service delivery. In conclusion, from the research conducted in the MacDonald Restaurants, it was established that technology has a major role in the facility management to hospitality industry in a wider spectrum. This ranges from provision of security to the facility and its accountability. Therefore, it is relatively important for facility managers to prioritize integrating technology in their management activities and functions. For that matter, as the hospitality industry evolves over time, it is important for this aspect to be prioritized in order to gain management effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, it is recommended for the hotel managers to adopt technology in the management of their organizations. Moreover, they should keep on changing with te chnology to be able to remain relevant in the business environment. This will surely guarantee their competitive edge. Atkin, Brian and Adrian Brooks. Management. Hong Kong: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. Barrett, Peter and David Baldry. Facilities Management Towards Best Practices. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Print. David, Cotts, Roper, Kathy and Richard Payant. The Facility management Handbook. New York: Broadway, 2010. Print. Effy, Owen. Management Information Systems. London: Cengage Learning, Inc, 2009. Print. Elaine, Brian. The 2011 Pfeiffer Anuall: Consulting. London: John Wiey Sons, Inc. 2011. Print. Georgoulis, Stephen. Facility Management: A Profession at Risk. Arizona: Arizona State University Press, 2010. Print. Gerard, Blokdijk. IT Management 100 Success Secrets. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print. Nutt, Bev and Peter McLennan. Facility Management Risks Opportunities. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Print. Piercy, Newton. Management Information System: The Technology Challenge. London: Croom Helm Ltd, 2004. Print. Thomas, Christopher and Christopher Gregory. Organizational Development Change. U.S: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Tichy, Michael. Managing Strategic Change: Technical, Political and Cultural Dynamics. London: John Wiey Sons, Inc, 2009. Print.

Why People Share The Psychology of Social Sharing - CoSchedule Blog

Why People Share The Psychology of Social Sharing Blog How do you get more people to share your content? It’s a simple question that lacks a simple answer. But, perhaps it’s not as complicated as you think. In a fascinating study conducted by The New York Times Customer Insight Group, it was discovered that there are five key reasons people decide to share something with others. This study on the psychology of sharing and word-of-mouth movements uncovers an important opportunity for marketers who want to do a better job growing their audience. By understanding why people share, you can better assess your own content, and its ability to result in sustainable growth and traffic to your blog. These important insights may be all that you are missing in growing a high-traffic blog. How do you get more people to share your #contentmarketing?  The Psychology of Social SharingSpoiler Alert: It’s All About Relationships I’ve probably said it a gazillion times – people buy (and share content) from those that they know, like, and trust. Most sharing, as it turns out, is primarily dependent on the personal relationships of your readers. The data shows that the likelihood of your content being shared has more to do with your readers relationship to others than their relationship to you. The most common reasons people share something with others are pretty  surprising. Let’s look at the data. To bring valuable and entertaining content to others.   49%  say sharing allows them to inform others of products they care about and potentially change opinions or encourage action To define ourselves to others.  68%  share to give people a better sense of who they are and what they care about To grow and nourish our relationships.  78%  share information online because it lets them stay connected  to people they may  not otherwise stay in touch with Self-fulfillment.  69%  share information because it allows them to feel more involved in the world To get the word out about causes or brands.  84%  share because  it is a way to support causes or issues they care about It was also found that some users share as a act of â€Å"information management.†Ã‚  73% of  respondents said that they process information more deeply, thoroughly and thoughtfully when they share it. Shareable content has more to do with your readers relationship to others than their relationship...So, what do we do with all of this? How do we actually apply it to our content? There are five big ways. 1. Bring Value To Your Readers – Every Time If your readers are sharing content that they know, like, and trust, then one of the most important aspects of our content has to be the sheer value that it offers your readers. Ask yourself, â€Å"what are my readers really getting in exchange for their time spent consuming my content? It is worth their time? Recommended Reading from Neil Patel: The 6 Types Of Social Media Content That Will Give You The Greatest Value On this blog, we frequently post content that goes well beyond the 500-600 word average that is accepted by most blogs. Sure, this is above and beyond the call of duty, but we don’t mind. Why? Because we consistently pack more information as practical advice into our posts that our competitors do. It is part of our blue ocean strategy. It is part of how we make our content more valuable to our readers. Always remember that the value you provide and the entertainment you offer can instantly make your content more sharable. You can do this too. Other options you might consider: How can you make your content more practical and actionable for your readers. Readers love putting advice into action. How you continually  supply your readers with new and unique content that has never been â€Å"done† before. How your content can provide more value than the next best post on the subject. (See the skyscraper technique) How you can compete with everything else that your readers are doing when consuming your content. As if that wasn’t enough, you also need to realize that good content comes with a high entertainment factor. Rather than a generic stock image, consider custom graphics or charts that present your content to readers in a brand new way. This content is easy to share and easy to love because it brings delight and surprise to your readers. If you haven’t before, consider a video or infographic as a way to add more value, and more entertainment, to your content. Above all, always remember that the value you provide and the entertainment you offer can instantly make your content more sharable. 2. Help Your Readers Define Themselves I love digital books, but I frequently miss the presence of a physical book sitting on my shelf. There is something about the books that I keep and their ability to define who I am. They are important indicators of how I define myself, and in the same way, so does the content I choose to share. This is an important reality to consider. I mean really, when is the last time you asked yourself how your content would help your readers â€Å"identify themselves.† Probably never, but yet it is one of the most common reasons people share content with their friends. For example, this post by Optimizely  is a great example of how users can identify themselves with your content. In the post, the author offers an opportunity for the reader to discover if they are, in-fact, a data-driven marketer. This identity dilemma gives readers a direct opportunity to define themselves to others by reading the post, and then sharing it with their own audience. By sharing it, they very well could be defining themselves as a data-drive marketer, and if that’s the case it is good motivation for them to tell others. Of course, to do this well you need to make sure that each piece of content you create has a single specific takeaway or point that your readers can focus on. Without focus, it will be difficult for your audience to identify with your content in a direct way.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Case study - Essay Example This would be an observational study. Under observational study, there are other sub-types such as case control, cohort, and cross-sectional surveys. Case control is a design that uses two groups (the case and the control) to find out the answers to the research question, for example, in this study, the case are the transgender people (Bowers 75). The aim of the study may be to find out the difference in life experiences. The control would be the normal people. Answers will then be generated from comparing the two groups. Cohort studies involve observing certain characteristics of a specified population or issue over time, for example, determining the cause of a certain disease. Cross-sectional survey is where the researcher collects specific information about a certain group of people within a specific location. This is the best study design for determining the number of people who consider themselves transgender in the United States. A survey will collect information through individual responses. The survey will have a clearly stated aim and what is expected of the respondents. It will have a statement regarding respect for personal privacy. Information received will only be used for statistical purposes and not any other. In the survey, Americans will only be expected to respond to a question about their gender. From their responses, the number of transgender people can be determined (Bowers

Security Policy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Security Policy Analysis - Essay Example The successful executives value business information and strive to improve and maintain it using latest technologies at the expense of the organizations to promote the cyber security (Van der Zwaan et al 2010) Since lack of implementation of cyber, securities to any organization pose threats to the breach of the confidential company information and database attack. There is legislation permitting the criminal charges against the responsible personnel’s under the federal information Security Management Act of 2002 also called E-Government Act. The incessant failure to protect the firms against cyber attack would lead to the involvement of the Government. Information is an important entity of any well-run organization and failure to protect it is a crime. Cyber security being an important segment of the organization to maintain and keep data safe, the IT security applications alone is not sufficient to protect the cyber attacks and threats. The frequency of cyber crime is increasing its size and sophistication with specialized professionals involved that technology alone cannot stop cyber crime. The attacks increase because of the creation of malware by criminals to steal information, and the breaching of Firewalls to reach the organizational important data. The cyber security is no longer a technical issue because

Persuasive writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Persuasive writing - Essay Example This would give the victim the right to live a life of dignity and the freedom (End the total abortion ban in Nicaragua, 2010; Feldman, 1998). Rape leaves a lasting impact on the mind of women due to the agonizing physical and mental turmoil that she undergoes during the event. She requires a strong support and the right counseling to help her come out of the situation. Apart from the counseling it is extremely essential to check the women medically for veneral disease and pregnancy. If there is no conception the women should be given suitable medication to prevent fertilization. However, in case of a pregnancy the women should be given a moral right to decide whether she wishes to continue the pregnancy. Experts have suggested many reasons for supporting this right such as rape is a violation of the women’s right and dignity, it is enforced on the women and not conjugal, and the women cannot be held responsible for the act. Despite the overall consensus that it is morally incorrect to kill innocent people and that a fetus is innocent which has not committed any crime, many people believe that abortion is completely a private matter which should be left to the discretion of the mother. In cases of pregnancy due to rape this right of the mother is further justified. This is because women of all ages could be subjected to rape. In most of the cases, young girls are targeted and when they become pregnant later on it is almost impossible for them to bear and support the child at that young age (De Bruyn, 2002). In addition there are several health related complications associated with pregnancy at such a young age both for the mother and the child. The child could be born with a low-weight and the mother could suffer from various complications during the delivery. In addition to the turmoil due to the rape, carrying the child of a man who committed the brutal crime

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 139

Summary - Essay Example These communities provide a dual relationship between the families of the deaf and the overall deaf community. This is because there is a congregation of like-minded individuals. It is also important to consider creation of congregation opportunities where the deaf would meet to socialize with fellow deaf individuals. These individuals would feel at home while within such congregations (Holcomb, 2012). In addition, participating in straight talks would provide a global solution to the misunderstandings that the deaf go through due to difficulties when communicating with non-signers. Moreover, adopting positivity or a can-do attitude would help the deaf in demonstrating their worth in the society. Furthermore, the deaf world would improve if they could teach other deaf people on the deaf language and their overall culture. However, there are some obstacles to these solutions that include lack of technology such as hearing aids, financial resource constraints and outsigning environment s (Holcomb, 2012). In overcoming the obstacles, the international organizations of the deaf world usually unite to promote their well-being. The solutions that are unique to the American deaf include civil right laws, availability of interceptors, educational opportunities, a high number of deaf academic leaders among others (Holcomb, 2012). The behaviors exhibited by the deaf individuals in the society are usually determined by the formation of identity that they have experienced in their lifetime. Mostly, the variation in upbringing affects the affinity degree that they exhibit as well as the procedure of identity formation. To realize a positive identity for the deaf individual takes a long and a difficult journey mostly due to the ignorance that is deeply embedded in those that they work with and that exhibited by their hearing parents. Due to such issues, the deaf individual grows up without appropriate experience as well as lack of opportunities that are geared

Homework Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework Debate - Essay Example I am not sure that there are really positive effects of homework. I know myself that if I understand the class, homework goes very fast. When I do not, it does not matter whether I have homework because I do not understand what I am doing. I often think that homework is redundant and it really does not help me. I think it is a good idea to practice things, but if your parents cannot help you it does not make a lot of sense. Students have to do more homework because of the No Child Left Behind legislation. Because teachers teach to the standardized tests, we have more homework than ever before and it takes a long time to complete, depending on what grade you are in. There are no statistics that really say that homework is valuable to a student and it is not something that everyone likes to do or that they do it well. Homework also can lower self-esteem. When a student does well on their homework, they get a better grade than if they do not. Many times homework is graded as a separate part of what a student must do to pass. If they do their homework well, they are often happy to do more of it. However, if they do not do well their self-esteem suffers. I know many students who are upset because their homework scores are lower than their test scores and they do not know why; teachers do not explain why these scores are different. Some teachers agree that homework should be abolished. According to Shola Adenekan, some schools are trying to get rid of homework in England. One of the reasons that teachers state is the fact that many children do not have time to play when they have to spend so much time on homework. Many teachers are looking at ways that they may be able to change how homework looks. Research does not support that homework is of value. A 2006 report in Time Magazine by Claudia Wallis describes information from two books about how homework is not of value. Some of the statistics from the report include: 3. Harris Cooper, from Duke University did

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 139

Summary - Essay Example These communities provide a dual relationship between the families of the deaf and the overall deaf community. This is because there is a congregation of like-minded individuals. It is also important to consider creation of congregation opportunities where the deaf would meet to socialize with fellow deaf individuals. These individuals would feel at home while within such congregations (Holcomb, 2012). In addition, participating in straight talks would provide a global solution to the misunderstandings that the deaf go through due to difficulties when communicating with non-signers. Moreover, adopting positivity or a can-do attitude would help the deaf in demonstrating their worth in the society. Furthermore, the deaf world would improve if they could teach other deaf people on the deaf language and their overall culture. However, there are some obstacles to these solutions that include lack of technology such as hearing aids, financial resource constraints and outsigning environment s (Holcomb, 2012). In overcoming the obstacles, the international organizations of the deaf world usually unite to promote their well-being. The solutions that are unique to the American deaf include civil right laws, availability of interceptors, educational opportunities, a high number of deaf academic leaders among others (Holcomb, 2012). The behaviors exhibited by the deaf individuals in the society are usually determined by the formation of identity that they have experienced in their lifetime. Mostly, the variation in upbringing affects the affinity degree that they exhibit as well as the procedure of identity formation. To realize a positive identity for the deaf individual takes a long and a difficult journey mostly due to the ignorance that is deeply embedded in those that they work with and that exhibited by their hearing parents. Due to such issues, the deaf individual grows up without appropriate experience as well as lack of opportunities that are geared

Play Critque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Play Critque - Essay Example Clearly, the hero naturally has a lot less individuality away from his intrusiveness. Additionally, he is ably disposed to place himself in the wrong place, and lament the aftermath. Initially, what makes The Haunting of Hill House a bright as well as clever story, is that it ingeniously manages to lay out a fence in the reader. For example Eleanor Vance, the youthful woman around whom the creepy events of this great novel cluster together, is no mean feat. In any case, Eleanor Vance is lulled into the thrilling escapades by the house. Partly, Eleanor comes out as an authentic character, rather than an apparatus of the narrator. She is, on the same length, she carries herself with a certain air of peculiarity. She is an outstanding person, complicated even, while she is capable of attracting the reader’s sympathy. Eleanor consciously adeptly, even viscerally manages to bring to us the experience of the novel through her undertakings. In part, Eleanor’s horrors, escapes and experiences also become partly ours. Her pain, her happiness throughout the book ably manages to evoke the reader’s sympathy. Additionally, the category of this psychological ghost story still is somehow tinier. The horror effect of The Haunting Hill House concentrates on the suspension of limitations, between the living and the dead. Also, the suspension of boundaries in this story turns on things that are outside the body, and those that ought to remain inside. Given, it also worth to not that the in psychological ghost story, the dispensation of certain boundaries tend to bend toward the mind and the exterior world, which clearly are two distinct things. For instance, as Eleanor’s resistance begins to crumple, she comes to herself and starts to ask her questions. In other words, when one trudges through the whole book, he or she gets a general idea that Eleanor might be the one haunted, or simply the one haunting. The events

Hyatt Walkway Essay Example for Free

Hyatt Walkway Essay In Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, in 1981, connections supported the ceiling rods holding up the second and the fourth floor walkways has failed and collapsed and fell down on the first floor where was so crowded then and resulted in 114 deaths and over 200 injuries. Beside of the loss of lives, this collapse left millions dollars in cost behind and a number of principals lost their engineering licenses and number of firms went bankruptcy. As for the events triggered this collapse affecting the thousands of people adversely, the most critical and important factor was the change of the design of the hanger rod connections from one-rod to two-rod system to make the assembly task simpler doubling the load on the connector. Improper design utilizing abrupt section changes, resulting in stress concentrations Degradation of materials in a connection. Improper design due to lack of consideration of all forces acting on a connection, especially those associated with volume changes. Lack of consideration of large residual stresses resulting from manufacture or fabrication. These are the most important structural factors caused of the walkway collapse. And it is resulted from the conflictual and controversial communication between the Havens Steel Company and G.C.E International Inc. This can be deemed as the most important factor triggered the walkway collapse because of the fact that these two professional engineering companies obviously were not able to communicate each other in professional bounders and haven’t acted in a responsible way and understood the importance of the job they were doing. G.C.E International Inc., Daniel M. Duncan and Jack D. Gillum is the most blame for walkway collapse because of charging gross negligence, incompetence, misconduct and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering in connection with their performance of engineering services in the design and construction of the Hyatt Regency Hotel. G.C.E International Inc. bears the most responsibility because of the fact that they were the responsible one on design changing and they were failed on final check step by approving the design change opinion by the Havens Company and they have failed on it. G.C.E International Inc. and Havens Company were involved in key decisions because of the fact that Havens Company proposed the design change on as mentioned above and G.C.E International Inc. accepted this offer after receiving the shop drawings.

Management Of Chronic Pain Nursing Essay

Management Of Chronic Pain Nursing Essay This project is a complete illustration of pain and how treated by understanding how its work, references can be visited for more detailed information or contact me. Chronic pain is defined as a painful condition that lasts longer than 3 months. Chronic pain can also be defined as pain that persists beyond the reasonable time for an injury to heal or a month beyond the usual course of an acute disease. There are four basic types of chronic pain: (1) pain persisting beyond the normal healing time for a disease or injury, (2) pain related to a chronic degenerative disease or persistent neurologic condition, (3) cancer-related pain, (4) pain that emerges or persists without an identifiable cause. Chronic pain differs from acute pain in its function. Acute pain is an essential biologic signal to warn the individual to stop a potentially injurious activity or to prompt one to seek medical care. Chronic pain serves no obvious biologic function. Chronic pain patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) have not been well studied, despite their apparent numbers. Complete eradication of pain is not a reasonable end point in most cases. Rather, the goal of therapy is pain reduction and return to functional status. Chronic pain syndromes discussed in this paper include myofascial headaches, transformed migraine headaches, fibromyalgia, myofascial chest pain, back pain, complex regional pain types I and II, post-therapeutic neuralgia, and phantom limb pain. Drug-seeking patients are also covered. EPIDEMIOLOGY Chronic pain affects about a third of the population at least once during a patients lifetime, at a cost of-80 to 90 billion dollars in health care payments and lawsuit settlements annually. Chronic pain is also common in those who do not seek medical attention. Despite similar subjective pain, those who seek medical attention are less physically active, experience more social alienation and more psychological distress than those who do not seek medical attention. The causes of chronic pain are more complex than the causes of acute pain. Chronic pain may be caused by (1) a chronic pathologic process in the musculoskeletal or vascular system, (2) a chronic pathologic process in one of the organ systems, (3) a prolonged dysfunction in the peripheral or central nervous system, or (4) a psychological or environmental disorder. In contrast, acute pain may be influenced by, but is not primarily caused by, a psychological or continuous environmental disorder. A detailed listing of all the epidemiologic factors of the various chronic pain syndromes is beyond the scope of this paper. However, in general, patients who attribute their pain to a specific traumatic event experience more emotional distress, more life interference, and more severe pain than those with other causes. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of chronic pain can be divided into three basic types. Nociceptive pain is associated with ongoing tissue damage. Neuropathic pain is associated with nervous system dysfunction in the absence of ongoing tissue damage. Finally, psychogenic pain has no identifiable cause.3 Many chronic pain states begin with an episode of nociceptive pain and then continue with neuropathic or psychogenic pain. For example, an acute injury with fracture involves nociceptive pain, but an associated nerve injury may lead to neuropathic pain. Chronic disability may lead to psychogenic pain. Nociceptive pain results from the stimulation of nicotinic receptors in tissues or organs by noxious mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli. Chemical mediators of inflammation such as bradykinins and prostaglandins are essential elements in the pathophysiology of nociceptive pain. Examples of chronic nociceptive pain include cancer pain and pain due to chronic pancreatitis. Patients with nociceptiv e pain usually respond well to centrally acting analgesics. Neuropathic pain is caused by disease of the central or peripheral nervous system. Examples of neuropathic pain include complex regional pain type II (causalgia), post-therapeutic neuralgia, and phantom limb pain. Neuropathic pain responds poorly to common analgesics, including narcotics. Psychogenic pain is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be difficult to establish in the ED. Patients with psychogenic pain believe their pain is physical and tend to strongly reject the concept that it is psychological. CLINICAL FEATURES To better define the psychology of chronic pain, psychiatrists have divided patients characteristics into two groups.4 The first group has normal psychological function at baseline. However, continued pain and its effects, such as inability to work or altered body image, result in psychological dysfunction. The second group has primary psychopathology that predates the onset of chronic pain. Hypochondriacally, hysterical, pain-prone, and depressive personalities are included in this group. The following set of historical inquiries may prove helpful in the ED. The patients should be asked to describe the nature of the current pain, initiating and exacerbating or relieving factors. Other useful information includes determination of the chronic nature of their pain, quantification of similar episodes, and sources and modes of treatment, including medications and dosages for physician-prescribed, over-the-counter, or alternative medications. Outcomes of previous therapeutic efforts and the effect of the condition on the patients functional status are also important. Addiction to drugs or alcohol or experience with detoxification programs should also be noted. Finally, a review of systems should be done to rule out any other conditions. Substance abuse is a frequent problem in chronic pain patients. Patients referred to chronic pain clinics meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third revised edition (DSM III-R) criteria for active substance abuse disorders in 12 to 24 percent of cases, while 9 percent meet criteria for remission diagnosis. Drug detoxification is often the first step of the therapeutic plan for new patients referred to a pain clinic. Objective findings of acute pain include tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, and muscle spasms on stimulation. Objective evidence of chronic pain includes muscle atrophy in the distribution of pain due to disuse, skin temperature changes due to the effects of the sympathetic nervous system after disuse or secondary to nerve injury, and trigger points, which are focal points of muscle tenderness and tension. However, these findings do not have to be present for the pain to be factual. BACK PAIN   Ã‚  Ã‚   Risk factors for chronic back pain following an acute episode include male gender, advanced age, evidence of nonorganic disease, leg pain, prolonged initial episode, and significant disability at onset. Chronic back pain symptoms and causes can be divided into myofascial or muscular, articular, and neurogenic types. Myofascial back pain is characterized by constant dull and occasional shooting pain that does not follow a classic nerve distribution. Pain may or may not be exacerbated by movement. Usually trigger points can be found at the site of greatest pain, and muscle atrophy is not found. Range of motion of the involved muscle is reduced, but there is no actual muscle weakness. Previous recommendations for bed rest in the treatment of back pain have proven counterproductive. Exercise programs have been found to be helpful in chronic low back pain. Articular back pain is characterized by constant or sharp pain that is exacerbated by movement and associated with local muscle spasm. Myofascial and articular back pain may be indistinguishable from each other except by advanced imaging techniques beyond the usual scope of practice in the ED. Neurogenic back pain is classically characterized by constant or intermittent pain that is burning, shooting, or aching. The pain is usually more severe in the leg than in the back and follows a dermatome. Muscle atrophy as well as reflex changes can be seen over time. DIAGNOSIS The most important task of the emergency physician is to distinguish chronic pain from an exacerbation that heralds a life- or limb-threatening condition. A complete history and physical examination should either confirm the chronic condition or point to the need for further evaluation when unexpected signs or symptoms are elicited. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may be needed in some cases of chronic myofascial chest pain to help differentiate it from acute ischemic chest pain. Because chronic pain patients may be frequent visitors to the ED, the entire staff may prejudge their complaint as chronic or factitious. Physicians should insist that routine procedures be followed, including a full triage assessment and a complete set of vital signs. Rarely is a provisional diagnosis of a chronic pain condition made for the first time in the ED. The exception is a form of post-nerve-injury pain, complex regional pain. The sharp pain from acute injuries, including fractures, rarely continues beyond 2 weeks duration. Pain in an injured body part beyond this period should alert the clinician to the possibility of nerve injury, and proper treatment, discussed below, should be instituted. Definitive diagnostic testing of chronic pain conditions is difficult, requires expert opinion, and often expensive procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and thermography. Therefore, referral back to the primary source of care and eventual specialist referral are warranted to confirm the diagnosis. TREATMENT Emergency physicians must avoid labeling patients with pain as either drug seekers or legitimate patients deserving narcotics for pain relief. With these labels, emergency physicians may exacerbate the problem and promote the learned pain response, where patients believe that they must come to the ED for pain relief. Chronic pain patients often request narcotics, although the lure of going to the ED can be just as strong without receiving narcotics. Any drug that alters sensorium can exacerbate the learned pain response. The external rewards of visiting the ED for medication or evaluation are many: attention and comforting from family and nursing staff, status as a special patient who must go the ED for pain control, avoiding responsibilities at work and at home, potential money if litigation is involved, and potential income if a disability claim is pending. Treatment with opiates frequently contributes to the psychopathologic aspects of the disease. Chronic pain and disability lead to distress and increased stress in the life of the patient. The potentiated psychological stress heightens physiologic arousal, which increases pain sensations. Elevated pain sensations exacerbate the patients disability. Opiate use only temporarily relieves the pain sensations, but the side effects frequently increase the disability associated with chronic pain, therefore exacerbating the psychological stress and the syndrome. Furthermore, a new problem is created as the patient becomes preoccupied with seeking pain relief from opiates. Another essential consideration is that many types of chronic pain are poorly controlled by opiates, and yet the side effects remain. It is interesting to note that the presence of objective evidence of pain does little to influence a physicians administration of narcotics. Physicians opiate-prescribing habits are most commo nly prompted by observed pain behaviors, such as facial grimacing, audible expressions of distress, or patients avoidance of activity regardless of the physical findings. With the exception of cancer-related pain, the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain is controversial. Many pain specialists feel that they should not be used. There are two essential points that affect the use of opioids in the ED on which there is agreement: (1) opioids should only be used in chronic pain if they enhance function at home and at work, and (2) a single practitioner should be the sole prescriber of narcotics or should be aware of their administration by others. Finally, a previous narcotic addiction is a relative contraindication to the use of opioids in chronic pain. In contrast to the concerns listed above, narcotics are both recommended and effective treatment for cancer pain. Long-acting narcotics such as methadone or transdermal fentanyl may be more effective than the short-acting agents. . The medications listed under Primary ED Treatment are familiar to emergency physicians. While NSAIDs are most helpful in conditions where there is ongoing tissue injury, such as chronic inflammatory arthritis or cancer-related nerve or bone damage, they are also helpful in many cases of chronic pain where no evidence of tissue damage or inflammation is evident. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to be more helpful in acute than in chronic pain. However, the need for long-standing treatment of chronic pain conditions may limit the safety of the NSAIDs. Standard dosing procedures may be followed except in the elderly: Antidepressants and, most commonly, the tricyclic antidepressant drugs, are the most frequently used drugs for the management of chronic pain. Often, effective pain control can be achieved at doses lower than typically required for relief of depression. Tricyclic antidepressants appears to enhance endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms. When antidepressants are prescribed in the ED, a follow-up plan should be in place. Discussion with a pain specialist is often beneficial. The most common drug and dose is amitriptyline 10 to 25 mg, 2 h prior to bedtime. Anticonvulsants are used for several pain disorders, especially neuropathic pain. Anticonvulsants prevent bursts of action potentials, which may prevent the severe lancinating pain of certain neuropathic syndromes. Carbamazepine (start 100 to 200 mg/d), valproic acid (start 15 mg/kg/d divided), and clonazepam (start 0.5 mg/d) are the most frequently used. Muscle relaxants, such as cyclobenzaprine 10 mg every 8 h, have been useful for chronic pain patients. Their sedating effects may limit their success. Tramadol is an atypical centrally active analgesic. It has less respiratory depression, less tolerance, and less abuse potential than do opiates. Tramadol has been used with success in patients with fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, low back pain, and neuropathic pain. The dose of tramadol is 50 to 100 mg every 4 to 6 h by mouth. Chronic Pain in the Elderly Elderly patients frequently complain of chronic pain. Unfortunately, many of the commonly used medications for pain have higher complication rates in the elderly. In particular, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal bleeding and renal disease in the elderly. Opioids also may cause debilitating sedation and/or constipation in the elderly; however, opioids may have less debilitating side effects than NSAIDs. Doses of many agents should be reduced when treating the elderly, to avoid side effects, and it is essential that a follow-up plan be in place at the time of discharge. There is a perception that the elderly are under medicated for pain control. While this may be true, the elderly do not seem to be under medicated more than other age groups. Conclusion In the end you can notice that pain can affect any one at any age, and its management is not easy as anyone think, especially in chronic moderate to severe pain. The variety of drugs that synthesized for this purpose are too much now, but no class of these drugs can cure the different causes of pain, and scientists now a days improving the activity of these drugs. In fact the now by the end of 2009 working on new formulation that is said to cure pain caused by inflammation. Thus aspirin will only be used for its anticoagulant and antipyretic activities, but not for anti-inflammatory action, this will reduce the toxicity cases caused by the aspirin over doses if it is used as anti-inflammatory or pain relief agent. Most important is that people with pain must ask doctor to find the cause of pain, so he/she can give the right medication and cure any type of inflammation or cancer if there is any early before the exacerbating of the current case, then it will be too late to try to cure the advanced disease and death may occur in most of the cases, so be careful any small pain can be the start for any kind of disease starting from stress ending with fatal cancer.

flat tax bill Essay -- essays research papers

106th Congress IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ___________________________Introduced the following bill in which was referred to the Committee on _______________ A BILL To tax income once and only once at a single rate. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the 2. United States of America in Congress assembled. 3. SECTION 1. THE TITLE 4. This Act may be cited as the â€Å" Flat Tax Bill.† 5. SECTION 2. THE BILL 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The flat tax replaces the current income tax code, which is very 7. complex, with a system so simple Americans could file their taxes on a 8. form the size of a postcard. What exactly is a flat tax? A flat tax sets 9. into place a single tax rate on all income subject to tax. The hundreds of 10. exemptions, credits, loopholes and deductions now in the tax system 11. would be eliminated to make the single tax rate as low as possible. The 12. cost of using the current tax system totals about $200 billion annually, 13. or $700 for every man, woman, and child in America. A flat tax would 14. reduce those totals by 94% , saving taxpayers more than $100 15. BILLION in compliance costs each year. Even with the reduced tax 16. rate, it is still possible to provide revenue to cover the cost of 17. government. America has the right to demand that our tax system be 18. profitable, efficient, and allow our nation to reach its peak economic 19. growth potential. The flat tax system would end un...

Renewable Energys Role In Future Energy Security Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy has become the lifeblood of the modern economic systems, without which the universe will come to a practical deadlock ; it is cardinal to the betterment of life conditions around the universe. For developed states, dependable energy fuels the engineerings and services that enrich and extend life. Energy powers advanced computing machines, improved transit, expanded communications, up-to-date medical equipment and processs, and much more. For developing states, spread outing dependable and low-cost supplies of energy supports and even accelerates alterations that improve and salvage lives. Reliable energy agencies expanded industry, modern agribusiness, increased trade and improved transit. These are constructing blocks of economic growing that create the occupations that help people escape poorness and make better lives for their kids. [ Santiago Exxon ] As the population of the universe additions and the economical state of affairs of developing states better, authoritiess are confronting the enormous challenge of run intoing the universe ‘s turning energy demands while cut downing the impact of energy usage on the environment. Today, approximately 1.5 billion people lack entree to electricity [ Santiago Exxon ] . Even more lack modern cookery and warming fuels. It is expected that the planetary energy demand in 2030 will be about 35 per centum higher than in 2005, where growing will be led by rapid enlargement in non-OECD states such as China and India, where energy use will lift by about 65 per centum. At the same clip, demand will be peculiarly intense for electric power coevals, which will consist 40 per centum of planetary energy demand by 2030. Figure 1. Global Energy Demand 2005-2030 by Type [ Santiago Exxon ] Electricity will play such an of import function in the development of the universe traveling frontward, that any lethargy in the growing of the electricity industry could throw one state far behind other parts in industrial, economic and societal growing. It is a primary input factor on which the advancement of the economic system of a state depends. Full use of other input factors, such as work force, land including irrigation, and capital-related resources of an economic system depend upon the handiness of electricity [ Santiago Hindu ] . In other words, it is non merely a cardinal input factor but it besides plays a strategic function in using to the full the other resources towards the advancement of the economic system. Figure 2. Global Energy Demand by Sector [ Santiago Exxon ] In add-on, electricity has become an indispensable factor in bettering the societal conditions and public assistance of people. It is the most indispensable and critical ingredient for the growing of the state in the societal, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors. The function of power sector in economic development is so enormous that economic experts frequently set up a one-to-one correspondence between energy and economic development, that ‘s why it has been good recognized as ‘the industry of industries ‘ or the as the ‘mother industry ‘ [ Santiago Hindu ] . Because of its importance, the electricity industry deserves precedence in development and necessary support for sustainability during the planning procedure of authoritiess.1.2. DebatableAs outlined in the old subdivision, energy has become important in the development of states around the universe, both economically and socially. The importance of energy in the future scheme of states has led to the creative activity of the term â€Å" Energy Security † , which is relates to the ability of each state to vouch the energy supply for its dwellers towards the hereafter. The World Energy Assessment study defines energy security as ‘the uninterrupted handiness of energy in varied signifiers in sufficient measures at sensible monetary values ‘ ( Adrian 2 ) . Several considerations have motivated states to follow an Energy Security policy: Energy must be supplied to all citizens, if non an unsustainable state of affairs could originate Energy up to a certain degree ( ‘lifeline energy ‘ ) is a basic necessity and should be provided to everyone, whether they can pay for it or non, if non environmental debasement will happen Effective demand ( demand backed by ability to pay at market determined monetary values ) must be met to the full, if non instability between rich and hapless will be created Safe, convenient energy is more desirable than traditional fuels due to wellness impact Energy should be available at all clip, if non high cost on economic system and damaging consequence to human wellbeing If demand is non met at competitory monetary values, economic system will be affected In the yesteryear, energy security was seen as the security of oil supplies, whereas more late OECD states have included the four following subjects in their energy policies ( Adrian 1 ) : Diverseness of energy supplies Diverseness of oil imports Reduced dependance on Middle East Low oil monetary value volatility Apart from these, authoritiess are planing energy security programs that include the usage of renewable beginnings of energy chiefly because of two grounds: The negative environmental effects that fossil fuels are doing the environment The possibility of a oil and coal depletion in the approaching old ages Harmonizing to the Energy Watch Group ‘s 2007 study, entire universe proved plus likely oil militias could be between 854 billion and 1,255 billion barrels. This sum could provide universe energy demand for 30 to 40 old ages if demand growing were to halt immediatly. On the other manus, harmonizing to the US EIA 2007 overview, at the current planetary sum energy ingestion rate, there is adequate coal to supply the full planet with all of its energy for 37 old ages, presuming 0 % growing in demand. Even though the possibility of fossil fuels depletion could go true in the long tally, there is a much bigger job that we are already sing today: Global Warming. This term referes to the environmental impact caused by the inordinate combustion of fossil fuels. This consequence is believed, by several scientists, to be the consequence of a strengthening of the nursery consequence largely due to human-produced additions in atmospheric nursery gases. Harmonizing to the International Plant Protection Convention ( IPPC ) , the temperatures increased sslowly from 1900 to 2000 and could increase exponentially between 2000 and 2100. A direct effect of this temperature changes is the runing glaciers and the sea degree rise ; fluctuations in the sea degree can hold really destructive effects and alteration perceptibly the land-sea boundary. Beginning: Projections IPPC study 1995 and 2001 As a consequence of the current and future drawbacks that fossil fuels face, it is really of import that authoritiess include the usage of renewable beginnings of energy in their energy security scheme traveling frontward.1.3. AimThe present work intends to make a scheme that could vouch India ‘s energy security towards 2030 by utilizing renewable beginnings energy to carry through it. This scheme will suggest a class of action for India in the approaching old ages, finding what types of renewable energy would be economically, politically, socially and technologically executable. The first portion of the papers analyzes the current socio-economic state of affairs in India, the current energy industry in footings of supply and demand, the energy mentality towards 2030, the energy resources in the state and the different chances and jobs in the hereafter of energy in India. The 2nd portion of the papers will develop a scheme of renewable energy beginnings based on the relevant findings of the first portion.1.4. JustificationIndia is one of the four BRIC states, which is a group acronym that refers to the states of Brazil, Rusia, Indian and China that are expected to go the four most dominant economic systems by the twelvemonth 2050 as they encompass over 25 % of the universe ‘s land coverage and 40 % of the universe ‘s population and keep a combined GDP ( PPP ) of 15.435 trillion dollars [ REFERENCE ] . These four states are among the biggest and fastest turning emerging markets. With a population of around 1.1 billion, India is the universe ‘s 2nd most thickly settled state and ranks fifth in the universe in footings of primary energy ingestion, accounting for about 3.5 per cent of the universe ‘s commercial energy demand. With a GDP growing rate of around 8 % , India is presently one of the fastest turning economic systems of the universe. Even by 2001, around 44 % of house-holds did non hold entree to electricity ( Census of India, 2001 ) . The state continues to confront electricity deficits, with an overall power deficit of 8.4 % and a top outing power deficit of 12.3 % in 2005/06. Despite gradual urbanisation, around 72 % of the state ‘s population resided in rural countries in 2001. Energy demands of several families, particularly those in the rural countries, continue to be met chiefly by inefficient traditional energy signifiers like fuel wood, harvest residue, and carnal waste. These fuels are non merely inconvenient to utilize and do indoor air pollution, but besides adversely affect the wellness of adult females and kids who are exposed to the usage of these fuels. Especifically, by 2030 India is expected to go the 3rd largest planetary energy consumer, catching Japan and Russia, due to population growing and lifting income degrees ( Madan ) . At the same clip, dependance on imported energy increased from 17.85 % of Entire Primary Commercial Energy Supply ( TPCES ) in 1991 to about 30 % in 2004-05. Oil imports really accounted for 72 % of entire oil ingestion in 04-05. Almost three quarters of this proceeded from 5 states merely, all located in parts considered reasonably unstable ( Expert Committee, 2005 ) . Coal and gas imports are besides likely to increase over clip, as domestic coal production is unable to provide demand and coal supplies are likely to run out in 40 old ages. The state ‘s demands of fossil fuels are expected to achieve 337 to 462 Mt of oil, 99 to 184 Mtoe of gas and 602 to 954 Mtoe of coal ( Integrated Energy Policy 2006 ) . The International Energy Association undertakings that planetary dodo fuel supplies will increase by merely 1.7 % , intending India ‘s portion in 2030 would run from 5.8 % to 8 % for oil, 2.4 % to 4.5 % for natural gas, and 16.7 % to 26.5 % for coal ( see Figure 1 ) . Figure 3. Projections for India originate from the Planning Commission presuming a GDP growing rate of 8 % , and the universe projections are 2030 Numberss from IEA [ REFERENCE ] Additional to the big energy demand that India has, the state faces other political, market and proficient hazards that could endanger its way towards a successful energy security plan. First, wars, work stoppages or political turbulences in the exportation states could drastically cut down oil supplies for India. Second, sudden additions in oil monetary values may do rising prices, slow economic system and impose adversity on the Indian population. Last, proficient breaks or accidents could interrupt the supply of energy. The diverse challenges that India faces towards the securement of their energy demands, every bit good as the of import function that the state represents in the universe ‘s energy ingestion in the hereafter are some of the grounds that have encouraged us to set about the present work. The development of a thorough analysis to find the chief jobs in the current policy and proviso of energy in India, every bit good as a elaborate scheme to develop renewable energy beginnings to fulfill the future demand of energy for the state, are necessary to vouch the uninterrupted public assistance of the state ‘s growing and life quality of its dwellers.Chapter II: State Review2.1. General MentalityThe Republic of India is a located in South Asia, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the West, and the Bay of Bengal on the E ; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the West. It is the seventh-largest state by geographical country, the second-most thickly settled state with over 1.18 billion people, and the most thickly settled democracy in the universe. In footings of geographics, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers and is place to the Himalayas, the planet ‘s highest mountains, which now abut India in the North and the north-east. Major Himalayan-origin rivers that well flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal. India ‘s clime is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian Katabatic air current from blowing in, maintaining the majority of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a important function in pulling the moisture-laden. The Indian economic system is the universe ‘s 11th largest economic system by nominal GDP and the 4th largest by buying power para. Since the debut of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest turning major economic systems in the universe ; nevertheless, the state continues to confront several poorness, illiteracy, corruptness and public wellness related challenges. India is classified as a freshly industrialised state and is one of the four BRIC nations. It is a atomic arms province and has the third-largest standing armed force in the universe, while its military outgo ranks tenth in the universe. India is a regional power in South Asia. India is federation with a parliamentary signifier of authorities, governed under the Constitution of India. It is a constitutional democracy and representative democracy, â€Å" in which bulk regulation is tempered by minority rights protected by jurisprudence. † It has operated under a multi-party system for most of its history. For most of the old ages since independency, the federal authorities has been led by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Politicss in the provinces have been dominated by national parties like the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and assorted regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, excluding two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary bulk.2.2. Demographics2.2.1. PopulationCurrent population, vs universe Expected Population, vs universe Growth rate Graph2.2.1. Population Densityrural V urban map of population denseness and expected2.3. EconomyThe economic system of India is the 11HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_ ( nominal ) † thHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_ ( nominal ) † largest economic system in the universe by nominal GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) with 3,75 trillion $ . This fact can be misdirecting in footings of dwellers ‘ wealth since the GDP per capita ( PPP ) is merely 3,100 $ ; ranking in the 163th place out of 227 states. However, India is an emerging economic power with a really big sum of homo and natural resources. The hereafter of the state ‘s economic system is predicted more than auspicious. Economists expect that India ‘s economic system will be among the taking 1s, while harmonizing to the BRIC study ( published by Goldman Sachs ) , India will be the 2nd largest economic system behind China by 2043 [ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India ] . Harmonizing to these anticipations, the one-year income per capital will follow a clear upward tendency for the undermentioned old ages, as depicted below:RankStateGDP – per capita ( PPP )161 Montserrat 3,400 162 Philippines 3,300163India3,100164 Mongolia 3,100 165 Vietnam 2,900 Beginning: The World FactbookYearAnnual income per capita ( ? )2006 329 2007 416 2008 468 2009 539 2010 627 2015 1,052 2020 1,132 2030 1,161 Beginning: ( inquire Julien ) Today India is a state with a developing unfastened market economic system ; nevertheless the marks of its past stiff policies still exist. This development began in the early 1990s when controls on foreign trade and investing became more flexible and helped the state speed up its growing. Since 1997 there has been a 7 % one-year growing owing economic liberalisation. As mentioned above, India ‘s economic system includes village agriculture every bit good as modern farming along with handcrafts, many modern industries and a big figure of services. Even though more than half of the work force is occupied with agribusiness, services are the major beginning of its economic growing, which is merely 1/3 of its labour, force but is accountable for more than half of India ‘s end product. India has become a major exporter of information engineering services and package due to its educated English talking population. In 2009 its one-year GDP fell to 6.5 % because of an industrial lag in 2008, which was followed by the planetary fiscal crisis. Nevertheless, India still retained the 2nd highest growing in the universe among the major economic systems. The planetary fiscal crisis did non hold a terrible impact on India ‘s growing because of the cautious banking policies and its low dependance on exports. In 2008 due to funding plan for fuel and fertilisers along with a debt release plan for husbandmans and a occupation warrant plan for rural workers India ‘s financial shortage increased well. India has still to run into some long-run challenges which include its extended poorness, the limited employment chances and its deficiency of basic and higher instruction. India ‘s turning population over the old ages will decline the societal economic and environmental jobs it faces.2.4. Energy2.4.1. Current and Future DemandIn the recent old ages, India ‘s energy ingestion has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the universe due to population growing and economic development. Primary commercial energy demand grew at the rate of six per cent between 1981 and 2001 ( Planing Commission 2002 ) . India ranks fifth in the universe in footings of primary energy ingestion [ J1 ] , accounting for approximately 3.5 % of the universe commercial energy demand in the twelvemonth 2003. In malice of the low per capita energy ingestion degrees, and the fact that a big subdivision of population does non even hold entree to energy signifiers of equal quality and measure, India ‘s entire primary energy supply has increased from around 150 mtoe in 1970 to 438 mtoe in 2001/02. Furthermore, the portion of non-commercial energy has decreased from 59 % in 1970 to 32 % in 2001, with families switching to the cleansing agent and efficient commercial energy. Assorted estimations indicate that India would necessitate to increase its primary energy supply by at least 3 to 4 times and its electricity coevals capac-ity by 5 to 6 times of the 2003/04 degrees, by the twelvemonth 2031. The analysis based on the MARKAL theoretical account, indicates that under a 8 % GDP growing sce-nario with current programs and policies of the Government, commercial energy demands would in-crease to 2108 mtoe by 2031/32. [ J3 ] Beginning: [ J3 ] By 2031, TERI ( The Energy and Resources Institute ) estimates indicate a dependence of 78 % for coal ( over a billion metric tons ) , 93 % for oil ( ~ 700 million metric tons ) and 67 % for gas ( ~ 93 BCM ) with current estimations of future handiness of autochthonal energy.2.4.2. Use by SectorOn the demand side, the industrial sector continues to stay the largest consumer, accounting for more than 40 % of the entire commercial energy, followed by the conveyance sector. [ J3 ] Beginning: [ J3 ]2.4.3. Consumption by Type of SourceThe primary mix of India ‘s energy ingestion is about 56 % coal, 33 % oil, 8 % natural gas, with atomic and hydropower combined taking a 3 % portion. Beginning: Teri 2000-2001 Coal: Coal production increased by 2.6 % in 2001 from the old twelvemonth, making 161 million toe, or 343 million metric tons. While India exports a little sum of coal to nearby states, it has evolved into a important importer of coal as economic growing and domestic supply constriction have stimulated Indian demand for imported coal. India imported 18 million metric tons in 1999, largely coking coal, or 6 % of its coal demands. Oil: Oil production has been reasonably stable since 1995. Production in 2001 was 36 million metric tons, or 782,000 barrels per twenty-four hours. India imports about 1.3 million barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours, or about two tierces of its petroleum oil demands. Natural Gas: Natural gas represents a turning constituent of the primary energy mix. In 2001, gas production reached 26 bcmor 23 million toe. Hydro and Nuclear: Hydropower and atomic have been lending with a minority portion of the energy mix ( up to 4 % ) . Energy Conversion: The crude oil merchandise supply has seen a encouragement since 1999 with new refinery capacity ( 10 million metric tons by terminal of 2002 ) added to the system. Sum installed power coevals capacity is 100GW, 71 % of which is generated by coal, 25 % from hydro, 3 % from atomic and 1 % from air current. ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2.4.4. EfficiencyHarmonizing to World Resources Institute ( WRI ) , India ‘s electricity grid has the highest transmittal and distribution losingss in the universe – a humongous 27 % . Numbers published by assorted Indian authorities bureaus put that figure at 30 % , 40 % and greater than 40 % . This is attributed to proficient losingss ( grid ‘s inefficiencies ) and larceny. It has been estimated that around 25,000 megawatts ( MW ) of capacity can be created through energy efficiency in the electricity sector entirely, with the maximal possible being seen in the agribusiness and industrial sectors. Therefore it is of import to look into the assorted facets that involve these inefficiencies and larcenies and follow steps to forestall them.2.4.5. Resources2.4.5.2. Non-RenewableBing a state with extremely increasing energy demands, India is presently based on conventional resources such as coal, oil and natural for power production. Coal is the primary non-renewable resource of energy in India. The state has some of the largest militias of coal in the universe ( about 209 billion tones of the known geological militias in 1999 ) [ Yiannis 6 ] . The major coal militias are located in West Bengal, Orissa, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar, as it is depicted in the map: Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mapsofindia.com In footings of oil resources India is hapless and imports oil to run into its energy demands. â€Å" Oil and Gas † diary provinces that, the state had about 5.6 billion barrels of proved oil militias on January 2010 [ Yiannis 5 ] . This is the 2nd largest sum in the Asia part behind China. Harmonizing to the same diary India had about 38 trillion three-dimensional pess ( Tcf ) of proved natural gas militias at the same clip. The most of India ‘s natural gas production comes from the western offshore parts. The onshore Fieldss in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat provinces are besides major beginnings of gas production.2.4.5.2. RenewableThe term â€Å" Renewable resources † refers to those resources that get replaced by natural procedures at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of ingestion by human [ Wikipedia ] . India ‘s geographic location in the universe represents a great advantage for the development of different renewable energy beginnings. For case, energy engineerings like biomass, water-hydro, air current and solar nowadays the greatest potency. In footings of solar the state has the best resources worldwide since it is the cheery state of the universe [ 1 ] , with 260-300 clear cheery yearss per twelvemonth. It has besides one-year mean temperature runing from 25 to 27.5 A °C [ 1 ] . As shown in the map, the warmest topographic points of India are located in the south-east seashore ensuing in a strong solar potency. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mapsofindia.com The mean strength of solar radiation received on India is 200 MW/km2 [ 2 ] . Taking under consideration the land country of the state is 3,287,000A km2 from which merely the 410,907 km2 can theoretically be used for solar energy installings [ 2 ] , this leads to a sum of 8,218,140 MW. This sum of power can be used for assorted applications, from solar thermic power workss down to domestic coevals such as solar H2O warmer. Equally far as wind power is concerned India is the 5th largest manufacturer in the universe with entire power of 11,806 MW [ 3 ] . The air current power development started on 1990 and till today it follows a singular growing. In footings of air current resources and weave possible, India has strong monsoons. In summer clip cool, humid south-west air moves from the ocean towards the land, whereas in winter cool, dry air with north-east way moves the other manner around. The air current power denseness map of India given below, presents the topographic points with the strongest air current potency in the state. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_wpdmap.html # The provinces of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan have amongst others really strong air current potency and the lasting installing in air current farms are shown in the tabular array [ 4 ] :StateGross Potential ( MW )Entire Capacity ( MW )Andhra Pradesh8,968 136Gujarat10,645 1,864Karnataka11,531 1,473Kerala1,171 28Madhya Pradesh1,019 229Maharashtra4,584 2,078Orissa255–Rajasthan4,858 1,088Tamil Nadu5,530 4,907Others4Entire48,56111,807Beginning: Indian Wind Energy Association ( As of March 2010 ) . Hydropower is another signifier of non-conventional energy in which India has plentifulness available resources and therefore has developed to a great extent. Hydropower is chiefly exploited through dikes, reservoirs and hydroelectric power workss, which take advantage of the river and rainfall Waterss. As it is depicted in the one-year rainfall map below, the north-eastern portion of India which includes the parts Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, and besides on the West seashore between Mumbai and Mahe are those which receive the dominant sum of rain annually. Some of the primary hydroelectric power workss utilized by India are Bihar, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Gujarat. Sing the sum of rainfall annually in the cardinal and South of Bangalore it is apparent that the rainfalls occur from May to November. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mapsofindia.com During these showery seasons hydro energy could be utilized. Amongst others, Small hydro ( 2 MW-30 MW ) is the most usual renewable energy beginning for energy production. In India hydro is classified into 4 other classs ( apart from Small ) , Pico ( 1 kW-10 kilowatt ) , Micro ( 10 kW-100 kilowatt ) , Mini ( 100 KW-2 MW ) . Last but non least biomass has ever been an indispensable renewable beginning in India. Bing an agricultural state, it has immense measure of biomass. Almost 32 % of the primary energy usage is produced by treating stuffs from agricultural, industrial and forest operations [ 2 ] . More specifically mush, wood, paper and manure in farm animal residues along with sugar cane bagasse are amongst others the most popular and available resources for bring forthing energy in India. The state has a potency of 19,500 MW but merely 554 MW are presently installed whereas another 536 MW are under building [ 1 ] .Renewable beginningPresently installed ( MW )Potential ( MW )Biomass 222 16,000 Bagasse by sugar 332 3,500Entire55419,500Beginning: Global Energy Network Institute ( GENI Sustainable ) To give an overview of the presently installed power from renewable beginnings and their possible harmonizing to the resources of the state, are depicted in the undermentioned tabular array:Renewable BeginningPresently Installed ( MW )Potential ( MW )Wind Power 10,242.50 45,195 Bio-power 703.30 16,881 Bagasse co-generation 1,048.73 5,000 Small hydropower 2,429.67 15,000 Energy from waste 92.97 2,700 Solar PV power 2.12 Biomass / cogenerations 170.78 Biomass gasifier 105.46Entire4,795.53Beginning: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) , March 2009 Even though India has a great sum of resources to develop renewable energy towards the possible capacity, there are besides some restrictions that constrain this potency. Some of these include proficient restrictions, thecountry ‘s economic system, the fiscal state of affairs of the dwellers and the societal accept of the proposed option beginnings for bring forthing power are some of import barriers. Particularly the fact that India has a great sum of people populating under poorness is a hinder even to the domestic development of renewable engineerings such as little PV systems applied to single houses.2.4.6. PolicyGiven the black current energy scenario and the future chances, the Government of India has put in topographic point several steps that it hopes would take to an moderation of the deficits in the state and a more even distribution of entree to energy. Some cardinal enterprises along these lines are listed below: Structural and Regulative Reforms: The oil and gas sector was one of the first sectors in which the Government tried to present a much higher degree of liberty by leting the populace sector enterprises to work as corporate entities with their ain Boardss of Directors that would pull off the companies at an arm ‘s length distance from the Government. Private Sector participa-tion in refineries was besides introduced as a consequence of which the private sector organic structure has a portion of about 30 % in India ‘s refinement capacities today. Energy Conservation Act in 2001 and the Electricity Act in 2003: In the instance of power sector, reforms were introduced in the early 1990 ‘s and, through a procedure of acquisition, India has eventually reached a phase where it has enacted the Energy Conservation Act in 2001 and the Electricity Act in 2003. The Energy Conservation Act requires the constitution of a Bureau of Energy Efficiency as a deemed statutory independent organic structure that would work towards promoting energy efficiency in the state. The Electricity Act 2003 requires the functional unbundling of former vertically incorporate province electricity boards and puts in lace regula-tory committees both at the federal and province degree. Enhanced Private Sector Participation: Private sector involvement in the oil and gas sector has built up and much more significantly than in the instance of electricity sector because it got an early start and because deformations in the instance of these sec-tors were non terrible as in the instance of electricity. Private Sector Participation in Electricity Sector: Despite several attempts towards promoting private sector engagement in electricity coevals and distribution the response from the private sector has been grossly unequal. This has mostly been because of the inability of the distribution concern to bring forth equal grosss to supply an equal return or so comfort that the services would be paid for. Once once more, larning from the past experiences and the demand to rapidly add important capacities, the Government of India launched the Ultra Mega Power Project ( UMPP ) strategy that identified seven sites for puting up large-scale power workss with each site holding a capacity of 4000 MW. Under a strategy launched by the Government called the Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana ( RGGVY ) , the Government is easing the extension of electricity substructure to rural countries through a high capi-tal subsidy but linked to the constitution of franchise distribution agreement at the local degree. [ 4 ]